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### Super Mario Galaxy problem

Suppose Mario is walking on the surface of a planet. If he starts walking from a known location, in a fixed direction, for a predetermined distance, how quickly can we determine where he will stop? ...
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### Can one amplify P=NP beyond P=PH?

In Descriptive Complexity, Immerman has Corollary 7.23. The following conditions are equivalent: 1. P = NP. 2. Over finite, ordered structures, FO(LFP) = SO. This can be thought of as "...
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### Eilenberg's rational hierarchy of nonrational automata & languages — where is it now?

In the preface to his very influential books Automata, Languages and Machines (Volumes A, B), Samuel Eilenberg tantalizingly promised Volumes C and D dealing with "a hierarchy (called the rational ...
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### Adiabatic quantum computing with level crossings

Question. In adiabatic evolution, to ensure that the ground state high overlap with the unique ground state of the system (i.e. to achieve arbitrarily small error) using adiabatic theorems, it is ...
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### Combinatorics of Bellman-Ford or how to make cyclic graphs acyclic?

Roughly speaking, my question is: How costly is to make a cyclic graph acyclic while preserving all simple $s$-$t$ paths? Let $K_n$ be a complete undirected graph on vertices $\{0,1,\ldots,n+1\}$. ...
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### The complexity of checking whether two DAG have the same number of topological sorts

This problem is highly related to the CNF one. Here is the problem: given two DAG (directed acyclic graphs), if they have the same counting of topological sorts, answer "Yes", otherwise, answer "No". ...
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### Is Hankelability NP-hard?

I asked this question on SO on April 7 and added a bounty which has now expired but no poly time solution has been found yet. I am trying to write code to detect if a matrix is a permutation of a ...
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### Approximate degree of $\textrm{AC}^0$

EDIT (v2): Added a section at the end on what I know about the problem. EDIT (v3): Added discussion on threshold degree at the end. Question This question is mainly a reference request. I don't ...
### Partial circulant matrices: Is there a non-zero vector $v\in \{-1,0,1\}^n$ such that $Mv=0$?
The following question arose as a side product of some work I have been part of recently. An $m$ by $n$ $(0,1)$-matrix $M$ is partial circulant if it can be formed by taking the first $m$ rows of a ...
Szemeredi's Regularity Lemma says that every dense graph can be approximated as a union of $O(1)$ many bipartite expander graphs. More accurately, there's a partition of most vertices into $O(1)$ sets ...