I believe no polynomial algorithm is known.
According to a paper this is used in at least one cryptosystem:
Abstract. We propose a cryptosystem modulo $p^k q$ based on the RSA cryptosystem. We choose an appropriate modulus $p^ k q$ which resists two of the fastest factoring algorithms, namely the number field sieve and the elliptic curve method.
If you can find $pq$ you will break the cryptosystem by computing $\frac{p^k q}{pq}=p^{k-1}$.
This questionquestion shows no polynomial algorithm is known to decide if integer is squarefree (all your $\alpha_i=1$).