"Meaning", or "semantics" to use the more technical term, is only the understanding you wish to associate with the
text of the program. It can be a mathematical function that specifies
abstractedly what the program computes (denotational semantics), or it
can be a formal description of how the computation is conducted by a
formally defined machinery (operational semantics). It is really a
matter of what you are interested in expressing. The program is a big
formula, and there are many way in which you may want to interpret it.
You may even be interested in so-called non-standard interpretation
that may express specific properties of the program, such as well
typedness. Even a prettyprinter, that gives you a string of
characters corresponding to a nicely presented version of the program
text can be seen as an interpretation, a meaning for it (however trivial). It is much in
the eyes of the beholder.
However, the definition of a meaning cannot be arbitrary. It is
expected to obey some rules so that it can be used constructively. In
particular, a program or formula is produced by composition, by using
formal operators to build larger formulae from smaller parts. A
meaning, or semantics is expected to follow these compositional rules,
so that you can somehow define the meaning of the whole from the
meaning of the components. The use high order functions makes the
constraint more manageable than appears.
The concept is applicable to other formal structures. For example, the
syntax of a programming language is usually defined by a grammar. The
grammar can have a meaning that is the set of program (strings) that
can be written according to that grammar. It could also be the set of
parse-trees for those programs.
Now a standard meaning of program is what it computes, or how it does
it (again, partly for consistency reasons, the distinction is often
in the eyes of the beholder, depending somewhat on what you do with
that formal meaning).
Coming back to your example:
The function $next$ defines what it is to execute one step of
the program. Its meaning is a function (on a mathematical
domain of states) that gives you the next state after a step of
computation given the current state. By applying this function
repeatedly, starting from the initial state of your computation, you
will ultimately get to a final state that gives you the result ... or
computes indefinitely (depending on whether that computation is
supposed to terminate).
This means that the effect of running your program is to apply the
function : $ next \circ next \circ next \circ next \circ ...$
this composition being as long as necessary for all steps of the
calculation at hand, possibly infinitely many.
This is better expressed by the fixed-point equation: $P = next \circ P$
since from it you can derive :
$P = next \circ next \circ P$
$P = next \circ next \circ next \circ P$
$P = next \circ next \circ next \circ next \circ P$
and so on
It shows that any function $P$ satisfying this equation will provide as
many steps as needed, applying the function $next$, to get the
computation you want to describe.
Now, this requires a minimum of mathematical apparatus to work
properly, for the equation to have a mathematical meaning. The mathematical domains used are supposed to allow you to talk about
approximating a function. For example a finite composition of $n$
application of the function $next$ is an approximation of $P$ for when the
program needs no more than $n$ steps to do its work. Typically, a
lattice of ever better approximations will do that (this is what
monotonicity is about: getting ever better approximations, as you
increase the number of applications). Furthermore, you need this
lattice to be continuous, so that the monotonically increasing infinite sequence of
approximations of $P$ will have a limit, which is actually the meaning
of $P$.
In practice, all this is usually described in a more formal mathematical way,
as done for example in the answer of @tathanhdinh.
This technique of approximations can be used as well to describe data structures that contain loops, actually implemented with pointers, though the semantics may not want to know about pointers.
