What are some of the good references to understand loopy belief propagation and the need for it? I am looking for both theory and applications (for instance in coding/information and learning theory).
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The following tech-report (a simplified version of an earlier paper by the same authors) on general BP (not only loopy-BP), but has fantastic insights. It's a great place to start, if you already haven't.
http://www.merl.com/publications/docs/TR2001-22.pdf
Another good place is this book: Information, Physics, and Computation - by Mezard and Montanari.