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Crossposted from MO.

(edge) colored graph isomorphism is GI which preserves the colors (of edges if it is edge colored).

There are several reductions using transformations/gadgets of (edge) colored GI to GI. For edge colored GI the simplest is to replace colored edge by a GI preserving gadget encoding the color (subdividing edge enough times is the simplest case). For vertex colored GI, attach some gadget to a vertex.

Suppose GI is polynomial for some graph class $C$.

Q1 For which $C$ polynomial GI implies polynomial (edge) colored GI?

Using a reduction with gadgets might make the graphs not members of $C$.

On the other hand certain gadgets/transformations might make the graphs members of some other polynomial GI class.

Example of edge colored reduction $ G \to G'$.

Make a clique of $V(G)$. Color edges in $E(G)$ with $1$ and non-edges with $0$. It is the coloring function that preserves $G$ and to recover $G$ from $G'$ just take the edges colored $1$. $G'$ is clique, cograph, permutation graph and almost sure in many other nice classes. Subdividing the edges odd number of times (distinct for $0,1$ removes the colors and makes $G'$ perfect bipartite graph, preserving isomorphism).

Maybe another approach is to take the line graph of $G'$ and add pendant (universal) vertices connected to vertices corresponding to $E(G')$.

Q2 Are there nice gadgets/transformations for similar constructions?

Thought about planarizing $G'$ by choosing some universal drawing of the clique and replacing edge crossing by planar gadgets preserving colors say $C_4,C_6$ for equal colors and something else for distinct colors. Don't know if this preserves isomorphism.

Another possible approach might be automorphism preserving coloring or subdivide every edge of $K_n$, use 3 colors ${0,1,2}$ for vertices $V(G),E(G),E(\overline{G})$ and try to recognize self complementary graphs by automorphism exchanging $E(G)$ and $E(\overline{G})$.

Q3 Is the automorphism group of the subdivision of $K_n$ tractable to compute?

The orders after the few initial terms are $12 , 24 , 120 , 720 , 5040 , 40320 , 362880$ which is A052565

Dima suggests this might be easy for $n$ large enough and the initial terms are exceptions.

Q4 Given vertex colored subdivision of $K_n$ for $n > 4$ and its automorphism group where the high degree vertices are colored $0$, some degree $2$ are $1$ and the other are $2$, what is the complexity to find automorphism exchanging $1$ and $2$?

Added The paper On Recognizing Cayley Graphs p 86 claims:

Given a class C of Cayley graphs, and given an edge-colored graph G of n vertices and m edges, we are interested in the problem of checking whether there exists an isomorphism φ preserving the colors such that G is isomorphic by φ to a graph in C colored by the elements of its generating set. In this paper, we give an O(m log n)-time algorithm to check whether G is color-isomorphic to a Cayley graph.

This appears close to the question, is it relevant?

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  • $\begingroup$ There is relation with hypergraphs. Colored edge (u,v,c) might be treated as hyperedge and there is reduction hypergraph to graph. $\endgroup$
    – joro
    Jan 19, 2015 at 13:55

2 Answers 2

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Q2: a nice example is the graph labeling gadget used to prove that:

Theorem: Planar 3-connected colored GI $\leq_T^L$ planar 3-connected GI

See Thomas Thierauf, Fabian Wagner: The Isomorphism Problem for Planar 3-Connected Graphs Is in Unambiguous Logspace. Theory Comput. Syst. 47(3): 655-673 (2010)

The "labeling gadget" used preserves the 3-connectedness and planarity constraints.

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  • $\begingroup$ Thanks. What about the other questions? $\endgroup$
    – joro
    Oct 2, 2014 at 13:49
  • $\begingroup$ @joro: I'll think about Q3,Q4; for Q1 I think that - perhaps - it is more interesting to ask "For which C polynomial GI doesn't imply (or it is unknown if it implies ...) polynomial (edge) colored GI?" (because for many graph classes for which GI is polynomial time solvable, simple vertex/edge labelings don't put the graphs out of $\mathcal{C}$) $\endgroup$ Oct 2, 2014 at 14:59
  • $\begingroup$ Re Q1: if you find the question interesting ask it. Or perhaps edit this question with Q1.1 attributed to yourself. Some thoughts while having beer :). (edge) colored graph trivially appears hypergraph to me. HGI is as easy as GI via reduction IIRC. Some cases of restricted automorphisms are NP-complete and some are polynomial IIRC. $\endgroup$
    – joro
    Oct 2, 2014 at 15:09
  • $\begingroup$ Added a paper in the question that might be relevant. $\endgroup$
    – joro
    Jan 17, 2015 at 10:22
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Partial answer, don't understand enough group theory, but two papers appear to give partial results.

GI for circulants is polynomial. Edged-colored GI for circulants is GI complete via the simple reduction $G \to G'$.

Make a clique from $V(G)$ and color an edge $e \in E(G')$ with $1$ iff $e \in E(G)$ and $0$ otherwise. To recover $G$ from $G'$ just take the edges colored $1$.

$G \cong H \iff G' \cong H'$ where the isomorphism preserves the edge coloring.

$G'$ is edge colored clique and hence circulant.

This paper claims:

Abstract. We construct a deterministic algorithm that tests whether two circulant graphs are isomorphic. The running time is $ O(n^2 (\log n)^6 )$, where $n$ is the number of vertices of each graph. Our algorithm works for directed, undirected, and edge-colored circulants.

The exact definition of "edge-colored" is not clear to me.

Paper proving circulant GI is polynomial in a footnote on p.1 claims:

By a graph we mean an ordinary graph, a digraph, or even an edge colored graph

Asked on MO what are the restrictions for the colorings.

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