We prove it ($P2^c \implies P2^b$) by strong induction (wiki). This proof has actually been given in the "Paxos Made Simple" paper (see the arguments between $P2^b$ and $P2^c$). I re-organize it in the order of "what we know, what we want to prove, and how to prove". Hope it helps.
What we know:
Base case: Some proposal with number $m$ and value $v$ is chosen.
Inductive assumption: Every proposal issued with a number in $m \ldots (n-1)$ has value $v$.
The chosen rule of a proposal: For the proposal number $m$ to be chosen, there must be some set $C$ consisting of a majority of acceptors such that every acceptor in $C$ accepted it.
The issue rule of a proposal: It is the existence of a set $S$ such that $P2^c (1)$ + $P2^c (2)$.
What we want to prove is:
Goal: Any proposal issued with number $n > m$ also have value $v$.
Proof:
Combining "base case" and "chosen-rule" with "inductive assumption", we obtain:
The $C$-condition: Every acceptor in $C$ has accepted a proposal with number in $m \ldots (n-1)$ (Note: because at least each of them has accepted a proposal with number $m$),
and every proposal with number in $m \ldots (n-1)$ accepted by any acceptor has value $v$ (Note: due to the inductive assumption and the fact that a proposal must be issued by a proposer before it can be accepted by an acceptor).
Now consider the set $S$ in $P2^c$ which consists of a majority of acceptors. Because $S \cap C \neq \emptyset$, $P2^c(1)$ cannot happen. Then $P2^c(2)$ must be true. $P2^c(2)$ is actually the "value-issued rule": the value $v'$ of the proposal with number $n$ is the value of the highest-numbered proposal among all proposals numbered less than $n$ accepted by the acceptors in $S$, therefore $v' = v$ because of the $C$-condition.
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