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One of my students discovered a possible mistake in Robson's classic paper Separating strings with small automata.
The issue is in the proof of Theorem 1, giving the simpler bound $O(\sqrt{n\log n})$.
The proof goes by giving an automaton that finds a substring of length $O(\sqrt{n\log n})$ in $u$ that ends in $i$ such that $u_i\ne v_i$ is the first place where the words $u$ and $v$ differ.
It is correctly proved that the given substring cannot occur in $v$ up to $i$, starting with some required modulo, but the issue is that the substring can arise after $i$.
I think that he is right, and see no way of saving the proof.

ps. Note that the best claimed bound in Robson is $\tilde O(n^{2/5})$ recently a better bound, $\tilde O(n^{1/3})$ was proved by Chase.

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    $\begingroup$ Isn't that taken care of in the paragraph just before Theorem 1? If the accepting state is reached at some $v_j$, then we necessarily have $j>i$, and we can compose the automata with one that separates $v_{j+1}\ldots v_n$ and $u_{i+1}\ldots u_n$, which have different lengths so are easy to separate. $\endgroup$
    – Tassle
    Commented Nov 24, 2023 at 17:30
  • $\begingroup$ @Tassle You are 100% right, I've failed to notice that part. Do you want to convert your comment to an answer so that I can accept it? $\endgroup$
    – domotorp
    Commented Nov 24, 2023 at 20:01

1 Answer 1

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Converting my comment to an answer:

This is taken care of in the paragraph just before Theorem 1. If the accepting state is reached at some $v_j$, then we necessarily have $j>i$, and we can compose the automaton with one that separates $v_{j+1}\ldots v_n$ and $u_{i+1}\ldots u_n$, which have different lengths so are easy to separate.

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    $\begingroup$ Thanks Tassle. I was about to give the same answer. J.M. Robson. $\endgroup$ Commented Nov 24, 2023 at 21:20
  • $\begingroup$ I also have another question in light of this. Is it possible that any two strings can be separated in this manner in $O(\log n)$? Equivalently, given two strings of length $n$ that differ only in their last bit, can we always separate them with an $O(\log n)$ state automaton that has a unique accept state which is a sink, so once you enter it you stay there for good? $\endgroup$
    – domotorp
    Commented Nov 25, 2023 at 7:02
  • $\begingroup$ @domotorp, does this answer your question: cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/47292/… $\endgroup$ Commented Nov 25, 2023 at 8:46
  • $\begingroup$ @Zach Indeed it does! $\endgroup$
    – domotorp
    Commented Nov 25, 2023 at 9:44
  • $\begingroup$ @john What is the best email to contact you at? $\endgroup$ Commented Nov 25, 2023 at 14:51

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