Questions tagged [kolmogorov-complexity]
The Kolmogorov complexity of a string s is equal to the length of the shortest program computing s and halting. Measures the lack of structure in a string.
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Efficiently computable variants of Kolmogorov complexity
Kolmogorov prefix complexity (i.e. $K(x)$ is the size of minimal self-delimiting program that outputs $x$) has several nice features:
It corresponds to an intuition of giving strings with patters or ...
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Can we not output the Kolmogorov complexity?
Let us fix a prefix-free encoding of Turing-machines and a universal Turing-machine $U$ that on input $(T,x)$ (encoded as the prefix-free code of $T$ followed by $x$) outputs whatever $T$ outputs on ...
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Circuit lower bounds and kolmogorov complexity
Consider the following reasoning:
Let $K(x)$ denote the Kolmogorov complexity of the string $x$.
Chaitin's incompleteness theorem says that
for any consistent and sufficiently strong formal ...
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Using Kolmogorov complexity as input “size”
Say we have a computational problem, e.g. 3-SAT, that has a set of problem instances (possible inputs) $S$.
Normally in the analysis of algorithms or computational complexity theory, we have some ...
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Does the uncomputability of Kolmogorov complexity follow from Lawvere's Fixed Point Theorem?
Many theorems and "paradoxes" - Cantor's diagonalization, undecidability of hatling, undeciability of Kolmogorov complexity, Gödel Incompleteness, Chaitin Incompleteness, Russell's paradox, etc. -...
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Do there exist x such that K(xx)<K(x), where K is Kolmogorov complextity.
Let $K(x)$ denote the Kolmogorov complexity of a string $x$. Do there exist a string such that $K(xx)<K(x)$. (Here $xx$ is the concatenation of $x$ with itself). A similar but different question ...
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Comparing the Kolmogorov complexity of theories
Chaitin's incompleteness theorem says no sufficiently strong theory of arithmetic can prove $K(s) > L$ where $K(s)$ is the Kolmogorov complexity of string $s$ and $L$ is a sufficiently large ...
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Channel coding results using Kolmogorov complexity
Usually Shannon entropy is used to prove channel coding results. Even for source-channel separation results shannon entropy is used. Given the equivalence between Shannon (global) vs Kolmogorov (local)...
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Kolmogorov complexity with weak description languages
We can think of Kolmogorov complexity of a string $x$ as the length of the shortest program $P$ and input $y$ such that $x = P(y)$. Usually these programs are drawn from some Turing-complete set (like ...
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Using Kolmogorov complexity to establish proof complexity lower bounds?
The motivation for this question is the fact that most n-bit strings are incompressible. Intuitively, we can propose by analogy that most proofs for Tautologies are incompressible to polynomial size. ...
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Is there a theory to answer “the simplest program to solve a problem”?
To answer "what problems can be solved by computing", we developed the theory of computability. For the problems that are computable, is there a theory to answer the question "is the program I get the ...
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Worlds Relative to Which “Invulnerable Generators” Do Not Exist
Invulnerable generators are defined as follows:
Let $R$ be an NP relation, and $M$ be a machine which accepts $L(R)$. Informally, a program is an invulnerable generator if, on input $1^n$, it ...
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Expected values of Kolmogorov complexity in a random sample
Kolmogorov complexity of a string is not computable. However, in a random subset of size $M$ of binary strings of length $n$, how many are expected to have complexity less than some integer $n_{0}$ ...
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Is Kolmogorov complexity a surjective function?
Let us fix an encoding of Turing-machines and a universal Turing-machine, U, that on input (T,x) outputs whatever T outputs on input x (possibly both running forever).
Define the Kolmogorov complexity ...
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Proof for Kolmogorov complexity is uncomputable using reductions
I am looking for a proof that Kolmogorov complexity is uncomputable using a reduction from another uncomputable problem. The common proof is a formalization of Berry's paradox rather than a reduction, ...
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Is Kolmogorov complexity quasi-surjective?
For Kolmogorov complexities $\hspace{.02 in}K$ induced by essentially-optimal description languages,
does there exist an integer $c$ such that for all positive integers $n$,
there exists a string $x$...
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Kolmogorov Complexity applications in Number Theory
What are the applications of Kolmogorov Complexity in Number Theory and on proofs related fields? (The monograph by Li & Vitanyi doesn't have many applications related to Number Theory.)
One of ...
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Number of circuits computing a given function
Let's say we have some function that can be computed by a minimal circuit of size $m$ (using some metric, say, the number of gates). Other than this minimal circuit, there will be many other circuits ...
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Conditional Kolmogorov Complexity: $K(y|x^*)$ vs $K(y|x)$
In "The Similarity Metric" Li, et al give the first definition of the normalized information distance as
$\displaystyle d(x,y) = \frac{\max \left \{ K(x|y^*), K(y|x^*) \right \}}{\max \left \{ K(x), ...
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1answer
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Difference between time-bounded and memory-bounded Kolmogorov complexity
Let $x$ be a finite string of length $n$.
Denote by $C^t(x)$ the Kolmogorov complexity of $x$ bounded by time $t$ (i.e. the length of a minimal program that outputs $x$ and running at most $t$ steps)....
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Inferring the Kolmogorov complexity of a string from its substrings' complexity
I know that the Kolmogorov complexity of a substring $v$ of an incompressible string $x$ has $C(v)\geq |v|-O(\log{|x|})$ , but I'm wondering if it is also possible to infer the complexity of a string ...
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Average-case analysis of algorithms using the incompressibility method
I recently became very interested in Kolmogorov complexity and the incompressibility method especially in the context of average-case analysis. The "standard" book by Li & Vitanyi showcases many ...
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Is a binary sequence computable iff the Kolmogorov complexity of its initial segments is bounded?
Disclaimer: I am mostly unfamiliar with theoretical computer science, making it hard for me to navigate literature in the field. I ask the following out of curiosity.
Background/Motivation: Coming ...
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Expected Kolmogorov complexity under Kolmogorov complexity distribution
If $K(w)$ is the Kolmogorov complexity of a string $w$, where programs are prefix-encoded so $\sum_{w} 2^{-K(w)} \leq 1$, what is
$$\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{\sum_{|w|=n}2^{-K(w)} K(w)}{\sum_{|w|=n} 2^{...
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Where does the “intuitive” understanding of Kolmogorov complexity fails
Often, the Kolmogorov complexity of some string $x$ is defined as the length of the shortest program producing $x$, for example on wikipedia.
So to give this more formal meaning, define
$$
K'(x) := ...
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Do we know a specific $L_{ZFC}$ such that $K(s) \ge L_{ZFC}$ is unprovable in ZFC for all strings $s$?
Chaitin's incompleteness theorem states for any formal system $F$ (which satisfies various criteria), there is a $L$ such that for any $s$ the statement $$K(s) \ge L_F$$ is unprovable in that formal ...
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Kolmogorov Complexity of an arbitrary string
For an arbitrary string sampled from $\{0,1\}^n$, what would be the probability that the string has a Kolmogorov Complexity $\geq$ length of the string, $n$.
In other words, how many strings are ...
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1answer
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Algorithmic mutual information between random string and minimal Kolmogorov sufficient statistic
Regarding notation in the following, the function $\ell(B)$ returns the length of bitstring $B$, and the cardinality of set $S$ is denoted by $|S|$.
A bitstring $B$ is generated by drawing 0s and 1s ...
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1answer
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Time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity and non-random strings
If $t$ is a time constructible function then we can define the time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity of a string $x$ as:
$C^t(x)$ = the size of the smallest program p that generates $x$ in $t(|x|)$ ...
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Definition of a monotone machine.
There is a definition of a 'monotone machine' in Li & Vitany's Book, and another one which is for example stated in this paper via c.e. (computably enumerable) sets. I can't see why these ...
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Lower Bound on the difference between uniform and prefix-free complexity
The uniform Kolmogorov complexity (also known as decision complexity) of a string $\sigma$ is defined as follows: let $\phi: 2^{<\omega} \times \mathbb{N} \rightarrow {0,1}$ be a partial computable ...
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Are there incompressible strings $S$ such that $K(SS) \lt K(S)$?
This question was inspired by Sune Jakobsen's question and Tsuyoshi's answer. In Kolmogorov-complexity, a string is incompressible if $K(S) \ge |S|$.
Is there incompressible string $S$ such that $K(...
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What is the Kolmogorov complexity of arithmetic?
Chaitin's incompleteness theorem says no sufficiently strong theory of arithmetic can prove $K(n) > L$ where $K(n)$ is the Kolmogorov complexity of the number $n$ and $L$ is a sufficiently large ...
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Comparing the Kolmogorov complexity of theories - Part 2
Chaitin's incompleteness theorem says no sufficiently strong theory of arithmetic can prove $K(x) > L$ where $K(x)$ is the Kolmogorov complexity of natural number $x$ and $L$ is a sufficiently ...
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Different definitions of optimal decompressors
Let $B^{<\omega}$ be the set of finite binary strings. I will only consider functions from $B^{<\omega}$ to $B^{<\omega}$.
I recall the definition of the algorithmic complexity of a string ...
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Complexity of Roman numeral evaluation
I came up with a result the other day that arbitrary length Roman numeral evaluation can be modeled as a monoid:
https://gist.github.com/4542999
1) Is this a known result?
2) If not, any ...
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How to measure programming language succinctness?
I want to explore the notion of quantifying the amount of succinctness a programming language provides. That is, the amount a high-level language reduces the complex.
This idea of "simplification" ...
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2answers
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Definition of a prefix-free Turing machine
A prefix-free function is one whose domain is prefix-free.
Similarly, a prefix-free (Turing) machine is one whose domain is
prefix-free. It is usual to consider such a machine as being
self-...
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Kolmogorov Complexity of a Decidable Language
The Kolmogorov Complexity (KC) of a string $y$ is the size of the smallest program $f$ and input $x$ that: $y = f(x)$. Let's define a variation of Kolmogorov's complexity$^1$. Suppose a decidable ...
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Resource-bounded variant of Kolmogorov complexity
Consider the variant of Kolmogorov complexity, where the program is only allowed to use a bounded amount of resources. This more closely resembles the practical situation, where decompression needs ...
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Computational depth and p-time hard instances
After reading the nice results of the paper: "Worst-Case Running Times for Average-Case Algorithms" by Antunes and Fortnow, I was wondering about the existence of further results linking basic ...
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1answer
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Relation between different “complexity theories” and complex systems theory
I know of at least 4 fundamentally different uses of the term "complexity theory":
the study of how hard a problem is to solve using some sort of computing machine (I am ignoring divisions within ...
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Alternative exponential definition of Kolmogorov complexity
In Kikuchi's paper Kolmogorov complexity and the second incompleteness theorem the Kolmogorov Complexity (KC) of $x$ is defined as
$$ K(x) = \mu e (\varphi_e(0) \simeq x) \, , $$
the smallest $e$ such ...
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Worst-Case and Average-Case running-time equal with universal p-distribution with kolmogorov-complexity any applications of this theory?
at the moment I'm reading "Gems of Theoretical Computer Science" from Schöning and Pruim.
In Chapter 8 the book defines a "universal probability distribution" in a way that the Average-Case running-...
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Why primitive rotation is $53.13^\circ$ in the quantum Turing machine used by Vitanyi for Quantum Kolmogrov Complexity?
Right now I am going through Quantum Kolmogorov Complexity Based on Classical Descriptions by Vitanyi.
In the introduction, the author assumed the primitive rotation $\theta = 53.13^\circ$ to have ...
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What is the shortest description of a universal computational structure that includes a meta-circular evaluator?
I am wondering whether there is a minimal (or the shortest known) way of specifying a universal computational structure that includes a specification of a meta-circular evaluator within that structure....
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Is “normalized distance” (as per Li & Vitanyi, Kolmogorov Complexity) a reasonable thing?
In "The Similarity Metric" (Li, Vitanyi, et. al) they define a normalized distance (or similarity distance) as a function $\Omega \times \Omega \to [0,1]$ which is both symmetric and satisfies the ...
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1answer
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More complex integers
In connection to this question:
Expected values of Kolmogorov complexity in a random sample
Let $n$ be number of bits. Let $A = \{0,1,2,\dots,2^{n}-1\}$ be indexed by the $n$-bits. Let $ \delta > ...
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Kolmogorov complexity of D and D+d
I'm looking into using of the shelf compression algorithm to approximate the Kolmogorov complexity of a document corpus D and the complexity of D+d, where d is an extra document. I've got a strange ...
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Is joint Kolmogorov Complexity order invariant?
Due to the symmetry of information, it follows up to an additive constant that
K(X,Y) = K(Y,X)
Does this hold for more than two data objects as well?
