# Questions tagged [complexity-classes]

Computational complexity classes and their relations

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### Is there a $BPP$ like class stronger than $P$ and weaker than $BPP$?

$P/poly$ is a class of problems solvable in $P$ for every input length $n$ provided we have an advice string of length $poly(n)$ that depends only on $n$. $BPP$ is class of problems solvable with ...
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### On the classes $E$, $DTIME$ and $NTIME$? [closed]

For every $c>0$ is there a $c'$ such that $DTIME(n^c)^E\subseteq DTIME(2^{n^{c'}})$ hold and vice versa for every $d'>0$ is there a $d$ such that $DTIME(2^{n^{d'}})\subseteq DTIME(n^d)^E$ hold? ...
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### Diagonalization arguments for QMA type proof systems

Diagonalization is a very common technique to find oracle separations. For example, it can be used to separate $\cal{P}$ and $\cal{NP}$, with the essential idea being that of constructing an oracle in ...
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### Complexity of two promise graph coloring problems [closed]

I. Consider the problem 'Given a chromatic number $k$ graph on $n$ vertices then for all coloring with $k$ colors is there always a color with at least $m$ vertices?'. What is the known complexity ...
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### Why can MIP be restricted to just two provers?

In several places I see it referred to that the MIP class can be assumed to be two interactive provers that don't communicate with each other, rather than any polynomial number of provers. Why are ...
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### Is there an assumption that implies $P=ZPP$ which is not known to imply $P=BPP$?

There are assumptions that are known to imply that $P = BPP$. For example, if there exists a function in $E = DTIME(2^{O(n)})$ that has circuit complexity $2^{\Omega(n)}$, then $P = BPP$ [1]. Clearly, ...
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### Complexity class of efficient streaming algorithms

Consider the class of problems $\mathsf{StreamL}$ which can be solved in logarithmic space reading the input in a single pass from left to right. In other words: $L \in \mathsf{StreamL}$ if there ...
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### Is there an analogue of QMA where Merlin gives Arthur unitaries rather than states?

$\def\braket#1#2{\langle#1|#2\rangle}\def\bra#1{\langle#1|}\def\ket#1{|#1\rangle}$Is there an analogue to $\mathsf{QMA}$ where Merlin provides to Arthur single-use access to a unitary operator $U$? By ...
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### The theoretical complexity of Go - The state of the art

What are the latest advances in theoretical complexity of Go? I know some early works about the complexity of Go: "Go is polynomial-space hard" proved that Go is PSPACE-hard. "Ladders are PSPACE-...
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### Is PP invariant under changing its cut-off from 1/2 to another number?

Suppose I have a fixed family of quantum circuits $\{C_i\}$ for which determining whether the maximum output acceptance probabilities are $p\geq 1/2$ or $p< 1/2$ is PP-hard. Now suppose I have the ...
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### Sorting using comparisons that are not simple mappings of simple comparisons

The Python language has a sort(x) function that sorts a list based on the intrinsic comparison operator associated with the type of the elements of its input list x. One can also provide a cmp ...
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### Problem in deterministic time $n^p$ and not lower

I'm looking for any language $L$ candiate to be in $DTIME(n^p) -DTIME(n^{p-1})$ (it takes at least $n^{p-1}$ steps to determine if an input is in L with a 2-tape $TM$, but L is polynomially solvable). ...
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### Containment problem of an acyclic NFA in an NFA

Let $A$ and $B$ be NFAs, such that $A$ is acyclic. In the general case, deciding whether $L(A)\subseteq L(B)$ is $PSPACE$-hard. However, since $A$ is acyclic, we know that for every $w \in L(A)$, it ...
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### Randomized Reduction for Maximization Problem

I have two maximization problems $P_1$ and $P_2$ where the decision version $L_1 = \{(x, t) : \operatorname{Val}_1(x)\ge t\}$ of $P_1$ is $\mathsf{NP}$-complete. Let $f:P_1\to P_2$ be a randomized ...
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### Are there common names for the subtiers of PTIME?

We all know P, or PTIME, I think, as a common name for the class of polynomial-time problems. Are there common names for the first few levels inside P; that is, for constant-time, linear-time, ...
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### On complexity class $\mathsf{\Pi_2 L}$

I suggest the following definition of $\mathsf{\Pi_2 L}$ (similarly to the certificate definition of $\mathsf{NL}$): A language $L$ belongs to $\mathsf{\Pi_2 L}$ iff there exists a deterministic ...
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I have found the following question at openproblemgarden.org: The problem concerns the extension of Monadic Second Order Logic (over a binary relation representing the edge relation) with the ...
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### A canonical complete problem for EXP and NEXP in terms of formulae

3SAT is a complete problem for NP. TQBF is a complete problem for PSPACE. Is there direct way to define canonical complete problems for EXP and NEXP in terms of boolean formulae? I have only seen ...
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### When is a problem specified on a TM contained in non-uniform classes such as P/poly? [closed]

In this paper by Gottesman and Irani: https://arxiv.org/abs/0905.2419 , they prove NEXP-hardness of tiling an $N\times N$ grid. They do so by encoding a TM in the tiles making up the grid. However, ...
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### Example problem that is not in $2^{o(n)}$ but could be solved in $O(2^{cn})$ for any $c > 0$ (suggested by wording of ETH)

In the wikipedia article on Time Complexity it is written that: The exponential time hypothesis (ETH) is that 3SAT, the satisfiability problem of Boolean formulas in conjunctive normal form with, ...
It has been known since the early 70's that ${\bf NP}$ and ${\bf E}=DTIME(2^{O(n)})$ are not equal (because ${\bf E}$ is not closed under polynomial-time many-one reductions, in contrast to ${\bf NP}$...