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A reduction is the transformation of one problem into another problem. A example of using a reduction would be to be to show if a problem P is undecidable. This would be achieved by transforming or performing a reduction of a decision problem $P$ into an undecidable problem. If this can be achieved then we have shown that this problem P is undecidable.

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PCPs with imperfect completeness

Yes, PCPs with imperfect completeness have been studied before. The main motivation is that for some natural and interesting problems, finding whether there is a perfect solution is actually easy (pol …
Dana Moshkovitz's user avatar
15 votes

Worst case to average case reductions

The Wikipedia entry that Peter linked to mentions a few important examples of problems that have worst-case to average case reductions, like the permanent. … Other than that, you can find problems with worst-case-to-average-case reductions of various complexities, e.g., in $NP \cap coNP$ (lattice problems and other crypto problems) and in #P (permanent). …
Dana Moshkovitz's user avatar
3 votes
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Question about Mapping Reductions (Clarify Example)

If M does not accept w, then the only case in which M' accepts is if its input is of the form 0^n 1^n.
Dana Moshkovitz's user avatar